https://www.joae.ir/ Journal of Aeronautical Engineering en daily 1 Thu, 23 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0330 Thu, 23 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0330 https://www.joae.ir/article_226213.html In this paper, the free vibration behavior of the sandwich cylindrical structure with a porous core composed of functionally graded materials, whose tips are reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNT), is examined. The integration of a porous core with carbon nanotube-reinforced surfaces and a piezoelectric patch results in a distinctive composite material that enhances mechanical capabilities while minimizing weight; the free vibrations of these materials inside a cylindrical microshell have been examined for the first time in this paper. High-order shear and normal deformation theory (HSNDT), as well as modified couple stress theory (MCST), are employed in this investigation. The sandwich shell is subjected to a uniform electric field. Hamilton's principle is employed to derive the governing equations, which are then resolved using Navier's semi-analytical method. Comparisons are made with the existing answers for special cases to verify the veracity of the results we have obtained. The sandwich cylindrical natural frequency is examined in relation to a variety of parameters, including the effect of varying volumetric ratios, geometrical parameters, power index, and the porosity coefficient. One of the significant findings of this research is that the natural frequency increases as the percentage of nanotubes increases, which in turn makes the system stiffer. Similarly, the natural frequency of pure ceramics increases as the porosity coefficient increases. https://www.joae.ir/article_226214.html Flight test is one of the most important stages of an aircraft development that can be used for various applications . The flight test should be carried out in accordance with the mission objectives of a drone or any other flying device and by observing the requirements and standards provided in this category and by the presence of several specialists. Due to the necessity of design and operation of a drone , this paper proposes and developed a flight test for a multi – rotor , which is a type of drone. In this paper , based on the existing standards and requirements, different flight tests will be considered. Then, by using existing literature, the performance analysis of a flight test procedure is presented. The executive program of the multi - rotor flight test process and the flow chart of the test process are given as research achievements in this article . https://www.joae.ir/article_234481.html The present study conducts a systematic review of research in the field of air accidents to prevent them based on the future scientific and technological megatrends of the aviation industry. The research method is based on a systematic scoping review designed according to the PRISMA protocol, and the structure of the study network was mapped using a social network analysis approach. First, relevant studies were searched in international databases within the time frame of 2014-2025. After screening, 67 studies were subjected to qualitative and quantitative content analysis in terms of their relevance to future scientific and technological megatrends and their thematic areas. The review of studies indicates that the megatrends of artificial intelligence, future skills, smart infrastructure, and the data age play a pivotal role in preventing air accidents in the thematic areas of flight risk assessment and analysis, air traffic routing and control, flight safety system analysis, weather and natural disaster prediction, and root cause analysis of air accidents. Furthermore, there is very limited research in areas such as advanced warning systems, physical and mental health of flight crews, improving flight crew performance in accident situations, pilot and flight crew decision support systems, safety transparency and reporting, optimization of aircraft maintenance operations, aviation governance structure and international collective actions, the economics of air accident prevention, sustainable airport construction, and the environmental impacts of air accidents, which provides a foundation for future studies. https://www.joae.ir/article_234482.html The aging of aircraft is one of the most important problems in the evaluation of their airworthiness.In the structural area, fatigue behavior after years of service of aircraft is of particular importance. Therefore, this article deals with this issue. To evaluate the effect of aging on fatigue behavior, samples of the structures of several worn-out warplanes were prepared and static tensile and fatigue tests were performed on them. To evaluate the results, similar experiments were performed on the used raw materials. In this study, the fatigue behavior was performed on a 7075 aluminum alloy sheet isolated from the fuselage of the phantom aircraft with different thicknesses as well as a sample of raw aluminum alloy sheets. A total of 8 samples were tested for fatigue. Also in this research microstructure of Al-7075 alloy has been investigated and it is also characterized using Optical Microscope, SEM. The results obtained for the naturally precipitation hardened alloy showed that in metallography images, coarse precipitates can be observed. The results of the fatigue test on these samples showed a longer service life compared to the raw sample, which is consistent with the results obtained in other papers worked on this alloy. https://www.joae.ir/article_218541.html The cognitive development of human capital is considered as a key factor in improving the performance and productivity of organizations and societies. The main goal of the current research was to design a model for the development and cognitive improvement of human capital in the field of aviation. In order to achieve this goal, a mixed sequential exploratory approach was used, so that in the qualitative stage, using the method of content analysis, dimensions, components and indicators of the pattern of development and cognitive excellence of human capital in the field of aviation through The semi-structured interview with 16 experts was counted, so at this stage, three main categories and nine sub-categories with thirty-one indicators were obtained. In the quantitative phase, the classic Delphi method was used to validate the calculated factors, so that a questionnaire based on the calculated factors in the qualitative phase was designed and distributed among 12 university experts, until their consensus about calculated factors are obtained. Quantitative stage data were also analyzed using statistical methods such as Kendall's correlation coefficient and measures of tendency towards the center and away from the center. The findings from two qualitative and quantitative stages showed that the experts on the pattern of development and cognitive excellence of human capital in the field of aviation is the development of the ability to process information and logical thinking (with four components of the development of general cognitive ability, awareness situational, decision-making and spatial ability) cognitive and executive skills, cognitive executive skills (including doing multiple tasks at the same time, ability to plan and pay attention to details) and managing psychological tensions and interpersonal relationships (with two components of ability communication and stress management) reached a consensus. The results of this research can be useful for the development and cognitive improvement of human capital in the field of aviation. https://www.joae.ir/article_234483.html The study of hypersonic aerial systems and optical seekers is of significant importance in the fields of aeronautics and aerospace engineering due to the challenges arising from complex flow phenomena and their applications. This research investigates the aero-optical and aerodynamic effects on optical seekers under hypersonic flight conditions. Numerical simulations are employed to analyze airflow and density variations around the flying body at various speeds and altitudes. The impacts of parameters such as Mach number, Reynolds number, and flight altitude on optical errors and beam deviations are also examined. The results reveal that increasing Reynolds and Mach numbers intensifies aerodynamic heating and density field fluctuations, thereby degrading the image quality of optical seekers. Conversely, at higher altitudes, reduced air density decreases optical errors and enhances optical performance. Furthermore, identifying critical points in altitude and flow conditions plays a pivotal role in designing more reliable systems. These findings contribute to improving the accuracy and reliability of aero-optical systems in hypersonic flight applications. https://www.joae.ir/article_226241.html In this article, the analysis and research of the free vibrations of the fiber metal laminate(FML) cylindrical shell under the influence of temperature is investigated. The influence of heat can cause significant changes in the vibration behavior and dynamic response of the structure. The purpose of this research is to investigate the deformation and behavior of the structure in different thermal conditions. The boundary conditions for the cylindrical shell are considered as free, clamped and simple. The equations governing the structure of the hybrid cylindrical shell are obtained based on the displacement field and the stress and strain relations in the form of a matrix using the first order shear theory of shells and Hamilton's principle. By using the Generalized Differential Quadrature numerical Method(GDQM), the governing equations of the structure are solved and the effect of composite materials, temperature, cylinder length and geometric dimensions on the natural frequency of the structure has been investigated and analyzed. The numerical results have been compared and verified with the results of the research. The results show that the hybrid shell with the distribution of composite materials and in a specific volume ratio shows better behavior against temperature changes. https://www.joae.ir/article_234484.html In recent years, drawing inspiration from natural phenomena has emerged as an innovative approach in engineering and design, particularly in the field of aerodynamics, attracting increasing attention. This study investigates the aerodynamic characteristics of maple leaves with the aim of designing new propellers. To this end, the average dimensions of several leaves were calculated using digitizer software and Excel, and then one leaf was selected for three-dimensional scanning to extract airfoils from its various sections. The results indicated that leaves exhibit self-rotating properties in both two-blade and three-blade configurations, leading to the development of single-blade propellers into two-blade and three-blade designs. Additionally, larger scales of these blades were designed and constructed. Considering that leaves adopt an angle between 5 to 20 degrees relative to the rotation plane and the horizontal plane during descent, two-blade propellers were also designed and examined at these various angles. The findings revealed that increasing the number of blades significantly enhances thrust, with the propeller at a 10-degree angle generating the highest thrust. Furthermore, the propellers at scale 2 were optimal for thrust production, while the propeller at scale 3 produced less thrust compared to scale 2. The results of this research can significantly contribute to the design and optimization of new propellers and pave the way for the development of innovative technologies in this field. https://www.joae.ir/article_234485.html In this study, the dynamic stability of a two-wing flapping-wing micro air vehicle (FWMAV) in hovering flight is comprehensively analyzed. The analysis focuses on the roll and pitch dynamics using a linearized dynamic model based on rigid-body mechanics and quasi-steady aerodynamic force estimation. Stability derivatives, including the effects of lateral velocity, angular rates, and orientation, are computed numerically using a central difference scheme around the equilibrium state.The key innovation of this research lies in the quantitative and analytical investigation of how the vertical position of the wings relative to the center of gravity (zw) affects the system’s stability characteristics, including the behavior of stability derivatives and the location of closed-loop poles. This parameter has not been thoroughly or independently explored in previous studies, and the findings presented here can serve as a practical guideline in the mechanical design of tailless FWMAVs.Furthermore, a linear control algorithm based on angular rate feedback is proposed for stabilizing the roll and pitch dynamics. Simulation results demonstrate that within a certain range of wing positions, the system can be effectively stabilized with relatively simple control laws. The study concludes that optimal wing placement can enhance overall system stability, reduce sensitivity, and simplify the control strategy, offering valuable insights for the design of next-generation bio-inspired micro air vehicles intended for operation in constrained environments. https://www.joae.ir/article_234486.html In this research, the Scan Eagle fighter jet was modeled according to the dimensions and sizes of the real model, and innovative wings were designed on it to improve the performance of the aircraft in different flight conditions. 3 innovative models were considered for the aircraft wing; including the triangular delta wing, the trapezoidal wing, and the delta wing with the wing sweep angle. In order to conduct experimental wind tunnel tests, after applying the desired scale to all models, the aircraft were manufactured using a 3D printer. After the studies, the mechanism required to implement the models in the wind tunnel was designed and manufactured. After implementing the models in the wind tunnel and conducting experimental tests on them under the same conditions (speeds of 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4 m/s), the results obtained from this research have been examined. The results obtained include the lift coefficient, the lift-to-drag coefficient ratio, the oscillations and oscillation amplitude of the models, and the flight range of the birds. After examining the results, it has been determined that the bird with the innovative Delta wing (in the shape of a delta) along with Sweep (backward or forward sweep angle) has better performance (volume increased by 10.67% and time and distance traveled with each refueling increased by 56%) in terms of lift coefficient and the lift-to-drag coefficient ratio. It has also been observed that the model with the delta wing also has the lowest oscillation rate in different flight conditions. https://www.joae.ir/article_234487.html In the field of flight control, developing systems that are resilient to faults and external disturbances is a fundamental challenge that directly contributes to the safety and stability of flight operations. This paper presents a novel strategy to enhance flight control performance in the presence of sensor faults and external disturbances. The proposed approach consists of three key stages:First, for disturbance rejection and estimation, a high-order sliding mode observer (HOSMO) is employed. This observer, in conjunction with a super-twisting controller, effectively isolates sensor noise and external disturbances from the angular velocity measurements.Second, to detect and isolate sensor faults, an adaptive neural observer is designed. This observer dynamically identifies unexpected variations and faults in the sensor data.Finally, in the third stage, a backstepping-based control framework is implemented, which utilizes the estimated fault information to apply smooth control commands for fault compensation in real time.Extensive nonlinear dynamic simulations conducted on the F-18A fighter aircraft model clearly demonstrate the superior fault-tolerant performance of the proposed control framework compared to conventional methods. The use of the HOSMO results in a 13.37% improvement in tracking accuracy and a 58.8% enhancement in estimation precision compared to the STA-based structure. Moreover, the system exhibits a high degree of adaptability under complex dynamic conditions key features that significantly improve the reliability and operational effectiveness of flight control systems, making this approach a promising candidate for real-world applications. https://www.joae.ir/article_234488.html Parabolic solar thermal collectors efficiently harness high-temperature solar energy, and their performance can be significantly enhanced by using nanofluids as heat absorbers. This study numerically evaluates the thermal performance of a steel absorber tube in a parabolic solar thermal collector using both hybrid and mono nanofluids under the climatic conditions of Iranshahr, Sistan and Baluchestan province, with the goal of steam generation. Results show that hybrid nanofluids, particularly in early summer, create a greater temperature difference and increase steam production. The volumetric heat generation rate of the hybrid nanofluid improved by 16.2% and 19.3% compared to Silitrom800-oil aluminum and water-copper nanofluids, respectively. Over the summer months, the steam production rate from the hybrid nanofluid increased by an average of 20% compared to mono nanofluids. Furthermore, increasing the nanofluid inlet temperature to 130 K reduced thermal stress on the steel absorber tube by approximately 25%. These findings demonstrate the potential of hybrid nanofluids to improve the performance and durability of solar thermal collectors. https://www.joae.ir/article_220959.html Identifying the Factors Influencing Talent Development of Undergraduate Aerospace Engineering Graduates in a Defense University Workplace Developing talents through nurturing a skilled, motivated, and committed workforce plays a key role in improving organizational performance and achieving success. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying the factors influencing the talent development of undergraduate graduates in aerospace engineering from a defense university within the workplace environment. Given the nature of the research, a qualitative method was employed. The study sample included 15 academic and professional experts who had deep knowledge of the subject matter and were selected through non-probability chain sampling (snowball sampling). Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis and MAXQDA software, version 11. To ensure data credibility and validity, recoding and participant feedback methods were used. The findings indicated that talent development is influenced by five main factors: Environmental and organizational factors, Individual factors, Modern learning technologies Opportunities for professional growth and practical learning, Leadership and peer support in the workplace. The results of this study can provide a practical framework for policymaking, planning, and implementing talent development systems within organizations. https://www.joae.ir/article_233105.html This research numerically investigated the effect of installing finlets on a T-Motor 18x6.1 propeller in hovering flight conditions and at low Reynolds numbers, focusing on aerodynamic and aerodynamic noise characteristics. To achieve this, the unsteady incompressible Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations were solved using the k-ω SST turbulence model and the multiple reference frame model. Furthermore, the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings method was employed for far-field noise prediction. The results indicate that finlet installation led to a 4.8% reduction in thrust and a 4.6% increase in propeller moment, signifying an approximate 5% decrease in propeller aerodynamic performance. However, the finlets effectively reduced the pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces of the propeller, consequently decreasing the tonal loading noise. Additionally, finlet installation resulted in reduced pressure fluctuations in the space between the finlets and a significant reduction in turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) in the propeller wake. The finlets also contributed to a reduction in propeller broadband noise at frequencies above 1000 Hz. The largest tonal noise of the propeller occurred at 100 Hz and its harmonics (corresponding to the blade pass frequency), and remarkably, finlet installation reduced this noise across most polar angles, particularly at 165 degrees. https://www.joae.ir/article_238577.html Resource allocation in multi-UAV systems is one of the fundamental challenges in intelligent mission planning due to the limited processing power, memory capacity, and communication bandwidth of unmanned aerial vehicles. Inefficient allocation of these resources can lead to data redundancy, increased computational cost, and reduced spatial accuracy. To address this challenge, this study introduces a biologically inspired CORES algorithm, which integrates dynamic quadtree data structures with coexistence modeling of living organisms to achieve adaptive and balanced resource utilization. In the simulation experiments, synthetic environmental datasets representing terrestrial, aquatic, and vegetated areas were used. A total of 150 independent runs were performed under varying combinations of field-of-view, decision threshold, and memory budget parameters. Quantitative results show that CORES improves the average data quality index by up to 18% and the spatial overlap index by up to 23% compared with baseline methods. Qualitative observations also indicate more uniform data distribution and better spatial coverage. Overall, CORES demonstrates strong adaptability and efficiency for dynamic resource allocation in UAV-based systems. https://www.joae.ir/article_239601.html Caching plays a key role in reducing latency and increasing the overall performance of foggy computing systems. Edge and foggy computing has emerged as a major challenge in the response to latency- and bandwidth-sensitive processing in intelligent navigation systems Information-based networks (ICN) and foggy computing (ICN-Fog) has emerged as an optimal solution in low-latency, high-throughput applications, and a leap forward in reducing latency and achieving better data communication and efficient information classification for foggy computing. Air navigation systems have been deployed. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) and firefly optimization methods as an effective optimization algorithm in the promotion of cushioning technique has been introduced and investigated. In this study, the main goal of improving performance indicators such as cache hit ratio, internal link load, and average system response time is to optimize an optimal algorithm. This technique has been applied to the ICN-Fog caching model and has been investigated and modeled to determine the location of the cache and compliance with the network topology. The multi-objective firefly algorithm is equal to 3572 and the standard deviation is equal to 725. The success rate of the algorithm in convergence to the optimal point is equal to 99%. The results show that the multi-objective firefly algorithm (MOFA) will provide better performance and higher reliability factor in intelligent air navigation systems compared to other algorithms in terms of efficiency and effectiveness in identifying the optimal caching technique. https://www.joae.ir/article_242453.html In this study, the impact response of sandwich panels incorporating a date-palm wood core was experimentally investigated under low-velocity perforation loading. Six panel configurations were manufactured using two core thicknesses (20 and 40 mm) and three impact energy levels (50, 100, and 150 J). Perforation tests were carried out with a 10-kg drop-weight impactor. Force–displacement curves and absorbed-energy histories were extracted, and the failure mechanisms were examined by comparing the front- and back-face damage patterns. The results showed that the heterogeneous cellular architecture of date-palm wood produces a multi-stage energy-absorption response, resulting in complete perforation accompanied by progressive core crushing at all investigated energy levels. Increasing the core thickness markedly improved the energy-absorption capacity; the absorbed energy of the 40-mm specimens under the 100-J impact was more than three times that of the 50-J specimens. Additionally, the peak force increased from about 2.3 kN at 50 J to over 6.3 kN at 150 J. Failure analysis revealed a combined mechanism involving face-sheet punching, cellular core crushing, and plug pull-out on the back face. Higher impact energies were associated with reduced energy-absorption efficiency due to the greater contribution of brittle fracture and full perforation. Overall, the findings demonstrate that date-palm wood is a promising bio-based core material with favorable mechanical characteristics for energy-absorption applications in sandwich structures. https://www.joae.ir/article_242454.html Vibration control in smart structures is considered one of the fundamental challenges in the design of mechanical and aerospace systems. The use of piezoelectric materials as sensors and actuators enables the active control of the structure's dynamic response. In this research, an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) controller is designed to reduce the vibrations of a piezoelectric beam. To optimally tune the controller's parameters, two independent metaheuristic algorithms, the Genetic Algorithm (GA) and the Ant Lion Optimizer (ALO), have been utilized. The Genetic Algorithm, as an evolutionary method based on natural selection, and the Ant Lion Optimizer, as an algorithm inspired by the hunting behavior of the antlion, are both employed with the objective of minimizing the system response's squared error. The beam model is developed based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and utilizes the Finite Element Method (FEM). Simulation results in the MATLAB environment show that both algorithms effectively reduce the amplitude of vibrations, but the Ant Lion Optimizer offers faster convergence and higher accuracy in tuning the ANFIS parameters compared to the Genetic Algorithm. Section.