https://www.joae.ir/ Journal of Aeronautical Engineering en daily 1 Mon, 22 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Mon, 22 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://www.joae.ir/article_245130.html In industry and advanced technologies, the autofertigation method is recognized as an effective technique for increasing the strength and improving the fatigue life of pipes and vessels under internal pressure. This method significantly enhances their performance by generating residual compressive stresses inside the pipes. Due to the necessity of reducing weight in aerospace equipment, the use of complex fiber pipes has also been considered an innovative solution.The aim of this research is to investigate and analyze the combination of the autofertigation method and complex fibers to increase the strength of steel pipes under internal pressure. Initially, the equations related to steel pipes were extracted, followed by the derivation of equations pertaining to composite multilayer structures. These equations were then combined using a specialized algorithm. The innovation of this method lies in the integration of autofertigation and complex fibers. The research findings indicate that fiber angles in the range of 45 to 55 degrees are optimal for complex fibers. Furthermore, under identical pressure conditions, Autofrettaged fiber spiral tubes exhibit a significant advantage in terms of strength compared to Autofrettaged steel tubes without fibers. Additionally, studies reveal that boron epoxy is identified as a more suitable option than carbon epoxy in complex fibers. Ultimately, the decision between Autofrettaged tubes and composite tubes should be made by designers based on three key factors: weight reduction, increased compressive residual stresses within the tube, and decreased tensile residual stresses externally. These results can greatly assist in optimizing the design of aerospace structures and related industries. https://www.joae.ir/article_245134.html This research investigates the factors affecting the thermoforming process for creating complex, lightweight components in the aerospace sector, especially for fixed-wing drones. Thermoforming, involving the heating of thermoplastic materials to shape them, is favored for its benefits like weight reduction, improved efficiency, and lower production costs. A critical factor is temperature, which must be carefully regulated to allow materials to reach their softening point without compromising their physical properties. Uncontrollable high temperatures risk excessive melting and degradation of these properties. Thus, using thermal simulation techniques and experimental analyses to optimize temperature is crucial. Additionally, the applied pressure during thermoforming significantly influences product surface quality and dimensional accuracy.Choosing appropriate materials and combinations of thermoplastics is essential. For fixed-wing drones, lightweight, high-strength materials with good moldability, such as PVC, ABS, and polycarbonate, are ideal. The study also explores the effects of UV radiation in thermoforming, indicating that UV stabilizers can help maintain the mechanical and aesthetic characteristics of materials against UV exposure. The results show that optimizing temperature, pressure, and time enhances the quality and strength of the produced parts. This research offers valuable insights for the aerospace industry, improving the quality and performance of fixed-wing drones. https://www.joae.ir/article_245135.html In this study, the pressing of aircraft fuel system pipes made of Al5052-O into Al7075-T6 flanges has been studied. The hydroforming process uses oil pressure to create large deformations and press the pipe to the flange. The present work was first investigated and designed, then a special tool was made with an innovative method to control the hydroforming pressure application area. In order to check for leaks and observe any mechanical defects, the manufactured parts were subjected to laboratory tests under high pressure. The design was also simulated using the finite element method. In this regard, an attempt was made to make the simulation as close to reality as possible in order to obtain accurate results. The obtained numerical results were compared with the laboratory results that were measurable. In numerical modeling, fuel pipes with different diameters and thicknesses were analyzed and the stress and displacement distributions were obtained. The numerical results show a very good agreement with the experimental results. The simulation results show that the maximum residual stress in the contact area of the pipe and flange is more than 300 MPa, which ensures the sealing of this connection. Also, if the hydroforming pressure is too high, the maximum residual stress in the connection area will decrease slightly. In the present study, the required pressure range is optimally calculated to achieve a desirable residual stress for sealing and connection. In general, this article presents a completely scientific and practical method for creating a permanent sealed connection. https://www.joae.ir/article_220959.html In today’s complex and competitive world, talent development especially in specialized fields such as aerospace engineering is considered one of the strategic priorities of organizations for maintaining a competitive advantage. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying the factors influencing the development of talents among undergraduate graduates of aerospace engineering from a defense university in their workplace environment. Given the nature of the research, a qualitative method was employed. The research sample consisted of 15 scientific and experiential experts who had a deep understanding of the research topic and were selected through a non-probability snowball sampling method. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis with MAXQDA software (version 11). To ensure the credibility and validity of the data, the recoding method and participant feedback were used. The findings of the study indicated that talent development is influenced by five main factors: environmental and organizational factors, individual factors, modern learning technologies, opportunities for professional growth and experiential learning, and leadership and collegial support within the workplace. The results of this research can provide a practical framework for policymaking, planning, and implementing talent development systems in defense and specialized organizations, and can contribute to the continuous enhancement of talented human resources in complex and technology-driven work environments. https://www.joae.ir/article_245137.html Nowadays, improving energy consumption and thermal performance of systems has attracted considerable attention from researchers. The use of nanofluids in porous media is a common method to enhance heat transfer rates. In this study, heat transfer and fluid flow inside a pipe containing a porous medium saturated with a nanofluid were numerically investigated. A two-dimensional model with the assumptions of laminar flow, constant temperature, and water-silver nanofluid was developed to enhance heat transfer. The main objective was to achieve simultaneously the lowest friction factor and the highest heat transfer rate. The study was conducted for a nanofluid volume fraction of f = 0.05, porosity ε in the range of 0.08 < ε < 0.98, and variable Darcy number in the range of 10⁻⁸ < Da < 10⁻², with friction factor CF = 0.19 and Nusselt number K = 6.09 for a steel pipe. The results showed that decreasing the Darcy number leads to an increase in the Nusselt number (approximately 94% along the pipe length) and friction factor. The enhanced heat transfer is attributed to the increased interaction between the nanofluid and the porous matrix. Larger Darcy numbers result in lower energy recovery compared to energy loss. Temperature reduction may also contribute to the increase in Nusselt number. Furthermore, increases in velocity, pressure, and Reynolds number along the pipe were identified as factors that raise the friction factor. https://www.joae.ir/article_245136.html In recent years, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have seen significant growth in both military and civilian applications. Among them, rotary-wing UAVs (RUAVs), particularly multi-rotors, have gained attention from researchers for designing autonomous control systems due to their vertical takeoff and landing capabilities and rapid maneuvers. Most traditional multirotor control methods are based on First Principles Techniques (FPT), which face challenges in managing uncertainties. Recently, intelligent fuzzy systems have replaced these methods; however, despite improved performance, their fixed structure limits adaptability to dynamic environments. Evolving fuzzy systems (EFS), by updating both structure and parameters, provide an effective solution for managing sudden changes in real-time multirotor flights. Although advanced EFS versions have been developed, they often focus on system identification, neglecting sufficient parameter optimization. This research introduces a new EFS called GODFIS (Globally Optimized Dynamic Fuzzy Inference System), which utilizes recursive center-of-gravity and global optimization of consequent parameters to address this gap. Additionally, a new criterion, the "Noise Elimination Principle" (NEP), is proposed to maintain response quality and reduce noise effects. Experiments demonstrate that GODFIS achieves higher accuracy than existing methods in benchmark problems. Using diverse datasets, it has been proven that this algorithm not only excels in multi-rotor modeling and control but also offers high generalizability and broad applicability in various control and prediction domains. https://www.joae.ir/article_245129.html This study experimentally investigated the effects of chitosan nanoparticles and kenaf fibers on the tensile strength and elongation at break of PLA/SMR20 polymer composites. The studied variables included 2-6 wt% chitosan nanoparticles, 5-15 wt% hemp fibers, and 10-30 wt% natural rubber (SMR20). The compound formulations were designed using Design-Expert software through response surface methodology (RSM) and mixed using an internal mixer. Tensile test specimens were then prepared using a hot press machine according to relevant standards. Tensile tests were conducted to determine the tensile strength and elongation at break of the samples. The results revealed that: Increasing chitosan nanoparticle content at lower concentrations (up to 4 wt%) enhanced tensile strength and elongation at break by 34% and 4%, respectively, while higher concentrations led to deterioration of mechanical properties. Kenaf fiber reinforcement improved tensile strength and elongation at break by 27% and 18%, respectively. Although natural rubber (SMR20) showed no positive effect on tensile strength, it significantly increased elongation at break by 43%. https://www.joae.ir/article_246639.html In this study, for the first time, the buckling of relatively thick composite plates with shape memory wires and with an extended attached mass was investigated. The main theory used in this research is Kant's 9th-order shear theory. The attached mass in this study is a composite sheet located in the middle of a rectangular multilayer composite sheet, and nitinol shape memory wires in the main composite plate were embedded In this paper, for the first time, the effects of applying shape memory wires in a composite plate and an extended attached mass on the plate buckling force have been investigated. The Galerkin solution method to solve the equations was used. The results of this study showed that for a shape memory composite plate with a attached mass in the middle with high-order shear theory, the critical buckling load increases with decreasing A/aa ratio (Increasing the dimensions of the attached mass). The buckling force of the memory wires also increases linearly with the increase in the volume fraction. https://www.joae.ir/article_245138.html In aerodrome runway design, wind climatology must be considered to reduce the potential for crosswinds and headwinds, which can lead to accidents and flight delays. In this study, using sixteen-directional polar wind roses, the Utilization Coefficient of the current Bandar Abbas airport runway (Runway 03-21) was calculated for two statistical periods: 1982–2021 and 2024–2050, considering allowable crosswinds (13 knots per hour) using the FAA method.For this purpose, the SDSM method and CanESM2 data were employed, based on three RCP scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5), to examine the wind direction and speed at the Bandar Abbas station until 2050. Then, daily sixteen-directional wind roses were studied for the mentioned statistical periods.Results showed that the utilization coefficient of the current runway at Bandar Abbas airport in the 1982–2021 period was 94.04%. Additionally, forecasts indicated that by 2050, the utilization coefficient of the current runway would increase by 2.41%, 1.82%, and 1.97% under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively. Findings also revealed that compared to the 1982–2021 period, the maximum daily wind speed in the 2024–2050 period would decrease in all seasons except summer, while the average wind speed in all seasons would decrease by less than one knot. https://www.joae.ir/article_238577.html Resource allocation in multi-UAV systems is one of the fundamental challenges in intelligent mission planning due to the limited processing power, memory capacity, and communication bandwidth of unmanned aerial vehicles. Inefficient allocation of these resources can lead to data redundancy, increased computational cost, and reduced spatial accuracy. To address this challenge, this study introduces a biologically inspired CORES algorithm, which integrates dynamic quadtree data structures with coexistence modeling of living organisms to achieve adaptive and balanced resource utilization. In the simulation experiments, synthetic environmental datasets representing terrestrial, aquatic, and vegetated areas were used. A total of 150 independent runs were performed under varying combinations of field-of-view, decision threshold, and memory budget parameters. Quantitative results show that CORES improves the average data quality index by up to 18% and the spatial overlap index by up to 23% compared with baseline methods. Qualitative observations also indicate more uniform data distribution and better spatial coverage. Overall, CORES demonstrates strong adaptability and efficiency for dynamic resource allocation in UAV-based systems. https://www.joae.ir/article_233105.html This research numerically investigated the effect of installing finlets on a T-Motor 18x6.1 propeller in hovering flight conditions and at low Reynolds numbers, focusing on aerodynamic and aerodynamic noise characteristics. To achieve this, the unsteady incompressible Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations were solved using the k-ω SST turbulence model and the multiple reference frame model. Furthermore, the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings method was employed for far-field noise prediction. The results indicate that finlet installation led to a 4.8% reduction in thrust and a 4.6% increase in propeller moment, signifying an approximate 5% decrease in propeller aerodynamic performance. However, the finlets effectively reduced the pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces of the propeller, consequently decreasing the tonal loading noise. Additionally, finlet installation resulted in reduced pressure fluctuations in the space between the finlets and a significant reduction in turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) in the propeller wake. The finlets also contributed to a reduction in propeller broadband noise at frequencies above 1000 Hz. The largest tonal noise of the propeller occurred at 100 Hz and its harmonics (corresponding to the blade pass frequency), and remarkably, finlet installation reduced this noise across most polar angles, particularly at 165 degrees. https://www.joae.ir/article_242453.html In this study, the impact response of sandwich panels incorporating a date-palm wood core was experimentally investigated under low-velocity perforation loading. Six panel configurations were manufactured using two core thicknesses (20 and 40 mm) and three impact energy levels (50, 100, and 150 J). Perforation tests were carried out with a 10-kg drop-weight impactor. Force–displacement curves and absorbed-energy histories were extracted, and the failure mechanisms were examined by comparing the front- and back-face damage patterns. The results showed that the heterogeneous cellular architecture of date-palm wood produces a multi-stage energy-absorption response, resulting in complete perforation accompanied by progressive core crushing at all investigated energy levels. Increasing the core thickness markedly improved the energy-absorption capacity; the absorbed energy of the 40-mm specimens under the 100-J impact was more than three times that of the 50-J specimens. Additionally, the peak force increased from about 2.3 kN at 50 J to over 6.3 kN at 150 J. Failure analysis revealed a combined mechanism involving face-sheet punching, cellular core crushing, and plug pull-out on the back face. Higher impact energies were associated with reduced energy-absorption efficiency due to the greater contribution of brittle fracture and full perforation. Overall, the findings demonstrate that date-palm wood is a promising bio-based core material with favorable mechanical characteristics for energy-absorption applications in sandwich structures. https://www.joae.ir/article_245147.html Governance, as one of the fundamental concepts in management and policymaking, plays a decisive role in the success of organizations and governments in achieving economic, social, and environmental goals. The present study aimed to design a governance model for the country's air fleet. This research is applied-developmental in purpose and exploratory mixed-method (qualitative-quantitative) in data nature. In the qualitative phase, using thematic analysis, data were collected and analyzed through semi-structured interviews with 16 academic experts and selected executive managers of the Airports and Air Navigation Company of Iran. This process resulted in a framework consisting of ten dimensions, thirty components, and ninety indicators. In the quantitative phase, to validate the model, a questionnaire based on qualitative findings was designed. Its content validity was confirmed by experts, and its reliability was established with Cronbach's alpha coefficient (above 0.7). The questionnaire was distributed among a population of 800 experts from the company, and through purposive sampling, 260 individuals were selected. Data were analyzed using SmartPLS version 3 and structural equation modeling. Findings showed that the final governance model consists of five main dimensions: accountability and transparency, efficiency and effectiveness, safety and regulation, participation and networking, and sustainability and foresight. Quantitative results also indicated significant relationships between components and indicators. This research enriches theoretical literature on air fleet governance and can serve as a practical basis for policymaking and decision-making in this field. https://www.joae.ir/article_239601.html Caching plays a key role in reducing latency and increasing the overall performance of foggy computing systems. Edge and foggy computing has emerged as a major challenge in the response to latency- and bandwidth-sensitive processing in intelligent navigation systems Information-based networks (ICN) and foggy computing (ICN-Fog) has emerged as an optimal solution in low-latency, high-throughput applications, and a leap forward in reducing latency and achieving better data communication and efficient information classification for foggy computing. Air navigation systems have been deployed. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) and firefly optimization methods as an effective optimization algorithm in the promotion of cushioning technique has been introduced and investigated. In this study, the main goal of improving performance indicators such as cache hit ratio, internal link load, and average system response time is to optimize an optimal algorithm. This technique has been applied to the ICN-Fog caching model and has been investigated and modeled to determine the location of the cache and compliance with the network topology. The multi-objective firefly algorithm is equal to 3572 and the standard deviation is equal to 725. The success rate of the algorithm in convergence to the optimal point is equal to 99%. The results show that the multi-objective firefly algorithm (MOFA) will provide better performance and higher reliability factor in intelligent air navigation systems compared to other algorithms in terms of efficiency and effectiveness in identifying the optimal caching technique. https://www.joae.ir/article_245133.html Abstract:Background and Objective: The development of human capital aligned with the needs of future jobs in the aviation industry has a direct impact on their success in achieving organizational and national goals. The main objective of this study was to design a human capital development model for the future jobs of the Civil Aviation Organization.Methodology: This applied-developmental study employed a mixed exploratory method (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of data nature. In the qualitative phase, using thematic analysis, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 15 selected academic experts and executive managers of the Civil Aviation Organization, resulting in a framework comprising three dimensions, twelve components, and thirty-seven indicators. In the quantitative phase, to validate and test the extracted model, a questionnaire based on qualitative findings was designed. Content validity was confirmed by experts, and reliability was verified by calculating Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (values above 0.7). The questionnaire was distributed to a statistical population of 340 experts within the Civil Aviation Organization, and a purposive sample of 180 respondents was selected. The collected data were analyzed using SmartPLS version 3 through structural equation modeling to evaluate the relationships among the model’s dimensions, components, and indicators.Findings: The results indicated that the human capital development model for future jobs in the Civil Aviation Organization consists of three main dimensions: future organizational work environment requirements, key competencies needed for future human capital, and human capital development strategies within the organization. Quantitative analyses showed significant relationships between indicators and components. https://www.joae.ir/article_242454.html Vibration control in smart structures is considered one of the fundamental challenges in the design of mechanical and aerospace systems. The use of piezoelectric materials as sensors and actuators enables the active control of the structure's dynamic response. In this research, an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) controller is designed to reduce the vibrations of a piezoelectric beam. To optimally tune the controller's parameters, two independent metaheuristic algorithms, the Genetic Algorithm (GA) and the Ant Lion Optimizer (ALO), have been utilized. The Genetic Algorithm, as an evolutionary method based on natural selection, and the Ant Lion Optimizer, as an algorithm inspired by the hunting behavior of the antlion, are both employed with the objective of minimizing the system response's squared error. The beam model is developed based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and utilizes the Finite Element Method (FEM). Simulation results in the MATLAB environment show that both algorithms effectively reduce the amplitude of vibrations, but the Ant Lion Optimizer offers faster convergence and higher accuracy in tuning the ANFIS parameters compared to the Genetic Algorithm. Section. https://www.joae.ir/article_246645.html Having an airworthiness certificate for aircraft is important to the extent that it completely affects its entry into the production and market arena, and its receipt or non-receipt of this certificate can determine the fate of the project and the investments.Obtaining airworthiness certificates for aircraft and also continuing airworthiness requires performing initial, supplemental and in-service tests, which entail high costs for the designer, manufacturer and operator. This article uses reliability concepts and techniques to predict the effectiveness of certification tests in the progress of obtaining an airworthiness certification and also presented a model for developing a certification program.The scope of studies has been considered in the section of longitudinal static stability requirements. As a case study, Piper series fleet has been examined and the process of calculating the growth rate of reliability by performing certification tests has been stated. By considering the improvement rate of the system reliability at each step, the certification program has been extracted in the subsection of longitudinal static stability requirements. Therefore, by using this method, it is possible to achieve a model in which the aircraft certification program developed based on the importance of the certification tests in the safety of that aircraft and, consequently, the impact on the process of proving airworthiness. In a case study, propsed model is able to reduce the number of certification tests from 36 to 9 critical point tests, while increasing the safety of the aircraft, can reduce the costs and time of certification tests for proofing the product. https://www.joae.ir/article_246646.html In this study, a system-oriented framework is presented for the conceptual design and performance evaluation of a lightweight fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (dron), in which the systems engineering V-model is integrated with Axiomatic Design. The main objective is to investigate the effect of the design method on system performance, requirements traceability, and the degree of design coupling under identical mission conditions. For this purpose, four strategies, including the conventional analytical method, XFLR5-based analysis design, V-model-based design, and the integrated V-model and Axiomatic Design approach, were compared. The designs were evaluated based on indicators including mass, range, flight endurance, maximum lift-to-drag ratio, estimated cost, and coupling index. After normalization, these indicators were compared using a multi-criteria radar chart. The results showed that the integrated V-model and Axiomatic Design framework, compared with the baseline configuration, led to drag reduction and relative improvement in aerodynamic performance; approximately an 8% reduction in drag was observed compared with the baseline configuration. Furthermore, the coupling index, defined as the mean absolute value of the off-diagonal elements of the design matrix, was obtained to be approximately 0.03 for the integrated method, indicating a structure close to an uncoupled design. The mission analysis also showed that this method creates a suitable balance among performance, cost, and mission requirements. Overall, the results indicate that integrating the V-model with Axiomatic Design provides a traceable and decision-support framework for comparing and selecting conceptual design methods for lightweight fixed-wing drons. https://www.joae.ir/article_248120.html In aviation environments, particularly under emergency conditions such as fuel leakage, fire incidents, and cabin air contamination, exposure to toxic gases poses a serious risk to respiratory safety. In this study, metal–organic framework (MOF)–modified activated carbon was investigated as an advanced adsorbent to enhance the performance of respiratory filtration systems for aviation applications. The base activated carbon was produced from walnut shell–derived biochar and employed as the adsorption substrate. To improve surface properties and adsorption capacity, the activated carbon was modified via a hydrothermal method using four different MOFs, namely ZIF‑8, ZIF‑67, UiO‑66, and MIL‑101(Cr).The synthesized composites were characterized by X‑ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate their crystalline structure, surface area, functional groups, and surface morphology. The results demonstrated that MOF modification significantly increased the specific surface area (up to approximately 1320 m²/g) and improved pore size distribution. Among the samples, MIL‑101(Cr)@AC exhibited the highest CO₂ adsorption capacity, while the UiO‑66/MIL‑101(Cr) composite showed superior stability under humid and ambient temperature conditions. The adsorption heat values were found to be in the range of 39–44 kJ/mol, indicating that physical adsorption was the dominant mechanism, which is favorable for cyclic operation.Overall, the findings suggest that MOF‑modified activated carbon represents an effective and practical approach for the design of high‑performance respiratory filters aimed at toxic gas removal in aviation and aerospace safety systems. https://www.joae.ir/article_248121.html This paper investigates and develops a novel model based on the combination of chaos analysis and transformer architecture for drone detection from audio signals. The main goal is to improve the accuracy of drone, helicopter, and sound field detection in complex and noisy conditions. In this study, complex and nonlinear audio features were obtained using chaos-based feature extraction methods and then analyzed with a transformer-based model. This approach results in more accurate profiles and better learning than conventional models. Experiments were conducted on a dataset of 90 audio signals from the open-source Drone Detection Dataset project. The model results showed that all test samples were classified with a perfect accuracy of 1, indicating the high efficiency of the model. This performance is even more outstanding compared to the results of similar research with an average accuracy of about 0.93. This study shows that the combination of chaos and transformer has a powerful ability to accurately identify drones and distinguish them from other sounds. This research can pave the way for the development of Drone acoustic identification systems with higher accuracy and efficiency in real and complex environments and play an effective role in air security and surveillance. https://www.joae.ir/article_250398.html This paper presents an analytical model to investigate the shear buckling behavior of composite sandwich panels with a transversely flexible core. The theoretical framework is based on a hybrid approach, combining an Improved High-Order Sandwich Panel Theory for the core—capable of accurately capturing complex deformations—and the First-Order Shear Deformation Theory (FSDT) for the face sheets. The system of governing differential equations is derived using the principle of minimum potential energy and is solved using the semi-analytical Galerkin method. Navier series functions are employed to satisfy the simply supported boundary conditions. The proposed model is successfully validated against data from the existing literature for both axial and shear buckling scenarios. A key finding involves the investigation of the aspect ratio's influence on the critical shear buckling load, revealing that the critical load decreases as the aspect ratio increases. Ultimately, this paper demonstrates that the presented model can accurately predict shear buckling loads and their corresponding mode shapes, highlighting the importance of utilizing higher-order theories for the analysis of panels with soft cores https://www.joae.ir/article_253025.html This study presents a novel analytical method for deriving a formulation to calculate the download-to-thrust ratio for a tiltrotor aircraft. Using this relationship, the influence of height above ground—a key operational parameter—on download and thrust forces is investigated, enabling a comparison between out-of-ground-effect (OGE) and in-ground-effect (IGE) conditions. The results demonstrate that accounting for ground effects significantly alters predictions regarding download and thrust. Furthermore, the study analyzes the impact of the rotor-to-wing spacing (rotor position) and the extent of wing coverage by the rotor disk on the download force. To validate the proposed analytical model, the results are compared with previous studies, showing good agreement. The model also provides a computationally efficient framework for the rapid parametric assessment of download in tiltrotor aircraft. It is found that at a height of 1R (IGE condition), increasing the rotor-to-wing spacing by approximately 50% (from 0.45R to 0.65R, where R is the rotor radius) results in an approximately 8% reduction in the download-to-thrust ratio. Conversely, increasing the height by 50% (from 1R to 2R) with a rotor-to-wing spacing of 0.45R leads to an approximately 50% increase in the download-to-thrust ratio. On average, rotor-to-wing spacing and height above ground account for 14% and 86%, respectively, of the download-to-thrust ratio. This highlights the dominant role of ground effects regarding download in tiltrotor aircraft and underscores the necessity of incorporating these effects into analytical models.